a.Men
Men with liver disease who have an excess of estrogen because of the inability of their liver to metabolize it develop gynecomastia, palmar erythema, and spider angiomas.
b.Women
Estrogen expression is responsible for female primary and secondary sexual characteristics. Estradiol promotes epithelial cell proliferation in the uterine endometrium and mammary glands of the breasts. In the absence of progesterone, endometrial thickening will proceed unopposed, potentially leading to endometrial hyperplasia and cancer. High exposure to estadiol has also been shown to increase risk for certain breast cancers.





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